from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Flatten
from keras.layers import Convolution2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.utils import np_utils
from keras import backend as K
class LossHistory(keras.callbacks.Callback):
def on_train_begin(self, logs={}):
self.losses = {'batch':[], 'epoch':[]}
self.accuracy = {'batch':[], 'epoch':[]}
self.val_loss = {'batch':[], 'epoch':[]}
self.val_acc = {'batch':[], 'epoch':[]}
def on_batch_end(self, batch, logs={}):
self.losses['batch'].append(logs.get('loss'))
self.accuracy['batch'].append(logs.get('acc'))
self.val_loss['batch'].append(logs.get('val_loss'))
self.val_acc['batch'].append(logs.get('val_acc'))
def on_epoch_end(self, batch, logs={}):
self.losses['epoch'].append(logs.get('loss'))
self.accuracy['epoch'].append(logs.get('acc'))
self.val_loss['epoch'].append(logs.get('val_loss'))
self.val_acc['epoch'].append(logs.get('val_acc'))
def loss_plot(self, loss_type):
iters = range(len(self.losses[loss_type]))
plt.figure()
# acc
plt.plot(iters, self.accuracy[loss_type], 'r', label='train acc')
# loss
plt.plot(iters, self.losses[loss_type], 'g', label='train loss')
if loss_type == 'epoch':
# val_acc
plt.plot(iters, self.val_acc[loss_type], 'b', label='val acc')
# val_loss
plt.plot(iters, self.val_loss[loss_type], 'k', label='val loss')
plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel(loss_type)
plt.ylabel('acc-loss')
plt.legend(loc="upper right")
plt.show()
history = LossHistory()
batch_size = 128
nb_classes = 10
nb_epoch = 20
img_rows, img_cols = 28, 28
nb_filters = 32
pool_size = (2,2)
kernel_size = (3,3)
(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
X_train = X_train.reshape(X_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
X_test = X_test.reshape(X_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1)
input_shape = (img_rows, img_cols, 1)
X_train = X_train.astype('float32')
X_test = X_test.astype('float32')
X_train /= 255
X_test /= 255
print('X_train shape:', X_train.shape)
print(X_train.shape[0], 'train samples')
print(X_test.shape[0], 'test samples')
Y_train = np_utils.to_categorical(y_train, nb_classes)
Y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(y_test, nb_classes)
model3 = Sequential()
model3.add(Convolution2D(nb_filters, kernel_size[0] ,kernel_size[1],
border_mode='valid',
input_shape=input_shape))
model3.add(Activation('relu'))
model3.add(Convolution2D(nb_filters, kernel_size[0], kernel_size[1]))
model3.add(Activation('relu'))
model3.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=pool_size))
model3.add(Dropout(0.25))
model3.add(Flatten())
model3.add(Dense(128))
model3.add(Activation('relu'))
model3.add(Dropout(0.5))
model3.add(Dense(nb_classes))
model3.add(Activation('softmax'))
model3.summary()
model3.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer='adadelta',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model3.fit(X_train, Y_train, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=nb_epoch,
verbose=1, validation_data=(X_test, Y_test),callbacks=[history])
score = model3.evaluate(X_test, Y_test, verbose=0)
print('Test score:', score[0])
print('Test accuracy:', score[1])
#acc-loss
history.loss_plot('epoch')
补充:使用keras全连接网络训练mnist手写数字识别并输出可视化训练过程以及预测结果
前言mnist 数字识别问题的可以直接使用全连接实现但是效果并不像CNN卷积神经网络好。Keras是目前最为广泛的深度学习工具之一,底层可以支持Tensorflow、MXNet、CNTK、Theano
准备工作TensorFlow版本:1.13.1
Keras版本:2.1.6
Numpy版本:1.18.0
matplotlib版本:2.2.2
导入所需的库
from keras.layers import Dense,Flatten,Dropout
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras import Sequential
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
Dense输入层作为全连接,Flatten用于全连接扁平化操作(也就是将二维打成一维),Dropout避免过拟合。使用datasets中的mnist的数据集,Sequential用于构建模型,plt为可视化,np用于处理数据。
划分数据集
# 训练集 训练集标签 测试集 测试集标签
(train_image,train_label),(test_image,test_label) = mnist.load_data()
print('shape:',train_image.shape) #查看训练集的shape
plt.imshow(train_image[0]) #查看第一张图片
print('label:',train_label[0]) #查看第一张图片对应的标签
plt.show()
输出shape以及标签label结果:
查看mnist数据集中第一张图片:
数据归一化
train_image = train_image.astype('float32')
test_image = test_image.astype('float32')
train_image /= 255.0
test_image /= 255.0
将数据归一化,以便于训练的时候更快的收敛。
模型构建
#初始化模型(模型的优化 ---> 增大网络容量,直到过拟合)
model = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=(28,28))) #将二维扁平化为一维(60000,28,28)---> (60000,28*28)输入28*28个神经元
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(1024,activation='relu')) #全连接层 输出64个神经元 ,kernel_regularizer=l2(0.0003)
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu')) #全连接层
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(256,activation='relu')) #全连接层
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(10,activation='softmax')) #输出层,10个类别,用softmax分类
每层使用一次Dropout防止过拟合,激活函数使用relu,最后一层Dense神经元设置为10,使用softmax作为激活函数,因为只有0-9个数字。如果是二分类问题就使用sigmod函数来处理。
编译模型
#编译模型
model.compile(
optimizer='adam', #优化器使用默认adam
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', #损失函数使用sparse_categorical_crossentropy
metrics=['acc'] #评价指标
)
sparse_categorical_crossentropy与categorical_crossentropy的区别:
sparse_categorical_crossentropy要求target为非One-hot编码,函数内部进行One-hot编码实现。
categorical_crossentropy要求target为One-hot编码。
One-hot格式如: [0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0] = 5
训练模型
#训练模型
history = model.fit(
x=train_image, #训练的图片
y=train_label, #训练的标签
epochs=10, #迭代10次
batch_size=512, #划分批次
validation_data=(test_image,test_label) #验证集
)
迭代10次后的结果:
绘制loss、acc图
#绘制loss acc图
plt.figure()
plt.plot(history.history['acc'],label='training acc')
plt.plot(history.history['val_acc'],label='val acc')
plt.title('model acc')
plt.ylabel('acc')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.figure()
plt.plot(history.history['loss'],label='training loss')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'],label='val loss')
plt.title('model loss')
plt.ylabel('loss')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.show()
绘制出的loss变化图:
绘制出的acc变化图:
预测结果
print("前十个图片对应的标签: ",test_label[:10]) #前十个图片对应的标签
print("取前十张图片测试集预测:",np.argmax(model.predict(test_image[:10]),axis=1)) #取前十张图片测试集预测
打印的结果:
可看到在第9个数字预测错了,标签为5的,预测成了6,为了避免这种问题可以适当的加深网络结构,或使用CNN模型。
保存模型
model.save('./mnist_model.h5')
完整代码
from keras.layers import Dense,Flatten,Dropout
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras import Sequential
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# 训练集 训练集标签 测试集 测试集标签
(train_image,train_label),(test_image,test_label) = mnist.load_data()
# print('shape:',train_image.shape) #查看训练集的shape
# plt.imshow(train_image[0]) #查看第一张图片
# print('label:',train_label[0]) #查看第一张图片对应的标签
# plt.show()
#归一化(收敛)
train_image = train_image.astype('float32')
test_image = test_image.astype('float32')
train_image /= 255.0
test_image /= 255.0
#初始化模型(模型的优化 ---> 增大网络容量,直到过拟合)
model = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=(28,28))) #将二维扁平化为一维(60000,28,28)---> (60000,28*28)输入28*28个神经元
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(1024,activation='relu')) #全连接层 输出64个神经元 ,kernel_regularizer=l2(0.0003)
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu')) #全连接层
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(256,activation='relu')) #全连接层
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(10,activation='softmax')) #输出层,10个类别,用softmax分类
#编译模型
model.compile(
optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['acc']
)
#训练模型
history = model.fit(
x=train_image, #训练的图片
y=train_label, #训练的标签
epochs=10, #迭代10次
batch_size=512, #划分批次
validation_data=(test_image,test_label) #验证集
)
#绘制loss acc 图
plt.figure()
plt.plot(history.history['acc'],label='training acc')
plt.plot(history.history['val_acc'],label='val acc')
plt.title('model acc')
plt.ylabel('acc')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.figure()
plt.plot(history.history['loss'],label='training loss')
plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'],label='val loss')
plt.title('model loss')
plt.ylabel('loss')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.show()
print("前十个图片对应的标签: ",test_label[:10]) #前十个图片对应的标签
print("取前十张图片测试集预测:",np.argmax(model.predict(test_image[:10]),axis=1)) #取前十张图片测试集预测
#优化前(一个全连接层(隐藏层))
#- 1s 12us/step - loss: 1.8765 - acc: 0.8825
# [7 2 1 0 4 1 4 3 5 4]
# [7 2 1 0 4 1 4 9 5 9]
#优化后(三个全连接层(隐藏层))
#- 1s 14us/step - loss: 0.0320 - acc: 0.9926 - val_loss: 0.2530 - val_acc: 0.9655
# [7 2 1 0 4 1 4 9 5 9]
# [7 2 1 0 4 1 4 9 5 9]
model.save('./model_nameALL.h5')
总结
使用全连接层训练得到的最后结果train_loss: 0.0242 - train_acc: 0.9918 - val_loss: 0.0560 - val_acc: 0.9826,由loss acc可视化图可以看出训练有着明显的效果。
以上为个人经验,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持软件开发网。