MySQL表类型 存储引擎 的选择

Dreama ·
更新时间:2024-11-14
· 235 次阅读

目录

1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎

方法1:

方法2:

2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}  创建表的时候,设置存储引擎

3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎

3.1 常用存储引擎的对比

3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)

1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎 方法1: mysql> show engines \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Engine: InnoDB Support: YES Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys Transactions: YES XA: YES Savepoints: YES *************************** 2. row *************************** Engine: MRG_MYISAM Support: YES Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 3. row *************************** Engine: MEMORY Support: YES Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 4. row *************************** Engine: BLACKHOLE Support: YES Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 5. row *************************** Engine: MyISAM Support: DEFAULT Comment: MyISAM storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 6. row *************************** Engine: CSV Support: YES Comment: CSV storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 7. row *************************** Engine: ARCHIVE Support: YES Comment: Archive storage engine Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 8. row *************************** Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA Support: YES Comment: Performance Schema Transactions: NO XA: NO Savepoints: NO *************************** 9. row *************************** Engine: FEDERATED Support: NO Comment: Federated MySQL storage engine Transactions: NULL XA: NULL Savepoints: NULL 9 rows in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified 方法2:

(Value 显示为“DISABLED”的记录表示支持该存储引擎,但是数据库启动的时候被禁用。)

mysql> show variables like 'have%'; +------------------------+----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+----------+ | have_compress | YES | | have_crypt | NO | | have_dynamic_loading | YES | | have_geometry | YES | | have_openssl | DISABLED | | have_profiling | YES | | have_query_cache | YES | | have_rtree_keys | YES | | have_ssl | DISABLED | | have_statement_timeout | YES | | have_symlink | YES | +------------------------+----------+ 11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) 2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}  创建表的时候,设置存储引擎 mysql> create table a( -> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment, -> primary key (i) -> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 3 Current database: test Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec) 3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎 mysql> alter table a engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table a \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: a Create Table: CREATE TABLE `a` ( `i` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`i`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk 1 row in set (0.14 sec) 3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
特点 MyISAM  InnoDB MEMORY MERGE NDB
存储限制 有  64TB 没有
事务安全   支持      
锁机制 表锁 行锁 表锁 表锁 表锁
B 树索引 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
哈希索引     支持   支持
全文索引 支持        
集群索引   支持      
数据缓存   支持 支持   支持
索引缓存 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
数据可压缩   支持        
空间使用   N/A
内存使用 中等
批量插入的速度
支持外键   支持      
3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)

MyISAM:

默认的MySQL存储引擎,不支持事务和外键

优点:访问速度快

每个MyISAM在磁盘上存储成3个文件,其文件名和表名都相同。扩展名分别是:

.frm (存储表定义)

.MYD (MYData,存储数据)

.MYI (MYIndex,存储索引)

(数据文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目录,平均分布 IO,获得更快的速度。)

InnoDB:

处理效率较差,占用较多的空间用来保留数据和索引

优点:具有提交、回滚、奔溃恢复能力的事务安全、唯一支持外键的存储引擎

自动增长列:InnoDB 表的自动增长列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,则实际插入的将是自动增长后的值

mysql> create table autoincre_demo( -> i smallint not null auto_increment, -> name varchar(10),primary key(i) -> )engine=innodb; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 5 Current database: test Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec) mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf"); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from autoincre_demo; +---+------+ | i | name | +---+------+ | 1 | 121 | | 2 | dddf | | 3 | fdf | +---+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

alter table tabename auto_increment=n 设置自动增长列的初始值(此值默认从1开始)

可以使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()查询当前线程最后插入记录使用的值。如果一次插入了多条记录,那么返回的是第一条记录使用的自动增长值。

下面的例子演示了使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()的情况:

mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec) mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+ | LAST_INSERT_ID() | +------------------+ | 15 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21'); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+ | LAST_INSERT_ID() | +------------------+ | 16 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

外键约束:

在创建外键的时候,要求父表必须有对应的索引,子表在创建外键的时候也会自动创建对应的索引。

下面是样例数据库中的两个表,country 表是父表,country_id 为主键索引,city 表是子表,country_id 字段对 country 表的 country_id 有外键。

mysql> create table country( -> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment, -> country varchar(50) not null, -> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp, -> primary key(country_id) -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec) mysql> CREATE TABLE city ( -> city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -> country_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, -> last_update TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, -> PRIMARY KEY (city_id), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id), -> CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (country_id) REFERENCES country (country_id) ON -> DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE -> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)

 在创建索引的时候,可以指定在删除、更新父表时,对子表进行的相应操作,包 RESTRICT、CASCADE、SET NULL 和 NO ACTION

RESTRICT NO ACTION 相同,是指限制在子表有关联记录的情况下父表不能更新

CASCADE 表示父表在更新或者删除时,更新或者删除子表对应记录;

SET NULL 则表示父表在更新或者删除的时候,子表的对应字段被 SET NULL

mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+ | country_id | country | last_update | +------------+---------+---------------------+ | 1 | AAA | 2021-06-16 15:09:22 | +------------+---------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from city; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | last_update | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | 10 | bb | 1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (`country_id`) REFERENCES `country` (`country_id`) ON UPDATE CASCADE) mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+ | country_id | country | last_update | +------------+---------+---------------------+ | 10000 | AAA | 2021-06-16 15:13:35 | +------------+---------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from city -> ; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | last_update | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ | 10 | bb | 10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 | +---------+------+------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在导入多个表的数据时,如果需要忽略表之前的导入顺序,可以暂时关闭外键的检查;同样,在执行 LOAD DATA ALTER TABLE 操作的时候,可以通过暂时关闭外键约束来加快处理的速度,关闭的命令是“SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;”,执行完成之后,通过执行“SETFOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;”语句改回原状态。

查看表外键信息:show create table 或者 show table status 命令

mysql> show table status like 'city' \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: city Engine: InnoDB Version: 10 Row_format: Dynamic Rows: 1 Avg_row_length: 16384 Data_length: 16384 Max_data_length: 0 Index_length: 16384 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: 11 Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17 Update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35 Check_time: NULL Collation: utf8_general_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.43 sec) ERROR: No query specified

 存储方式:

  (1)、使用共享表空间存储:表的表结构保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引存在 innodb_data_home_dir innodb_data_file_path 定义的表空间中,可以是多个文件

  (2)、使用多表空间存储:表的表结构也保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引单独存在.ibd中;如果是分区表,则每个分区对应单独的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分区名”,可以在创建分区的时候指定每个分区的数据文件的位置,以此来将表的 IO 均匀分布在多个磁盘上

 MEMORY:

使用存在内存中的内容来创建表

每个 MEMORY 表只实际对应一个磁盘文件,格式是.frm

优点:访问速度快(数据存储在内存中),并且默认使用HASH索引,服务关闭则数据丢失

mysql> CREATE TABLE tab_memory ENGINE=MEMORY -> SELECT city_id,city,country_id -> FROM city GROUP BY city_id; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 12 Current database: test Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tab_memory; +---------+------+------------+ | city_id | city | country_id | +---------+------+------------+ | 10 | bb | 10000 | +---------+------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \G *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: tab_memory Engine: MEMORY Version: 10 Row_format: Fixed Rows: 1 Avg_row_length: 155 Data_length: 520320 Max_data_length: 65011650 Index_length: 0 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58 Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: utf8_unicode_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

给表创建索引的时候可以指定索引类型是HASH或是BTREE

mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id); ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 13 Current database: test Query OK, 1 row affected (0.63 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tab_memory Non_unique: 1 Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: city_id Collation: NULL Cardinality: 1 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: HASH Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.32 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tab_memory Non_unique: 1 Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: city_id Collation: A Cardinality: NULL Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified

MERGE:

此存储殷勤是一组MyISAM表的组合

MERGE 类型的表可以进行查询、更新、删除的操作,这些操作实际上是对内部的实际的 MyISAM 表进行的。

对于 MERGE 类型表的插入操作,是通过INSERT_METHOD 子句定义插入的表,可以有 3 个不同的值,使用 FIRST 或 LAST 值使得插入操作被相应地作用在第一或最后一个表上,不定义这个子句或者定义为 NO,表示不能对这个 MERGE 表执行插入操作。

可以对 MERGE 表进行 DROP 操作,这个操作只是删除 MERGE 的定义,对内部的表没有任何的影响。

存储文件:一个.frm 文件存储表定义,另一个.MRG 文件包含组合表的信息,包括 MERGE 表由哪些表组成、插入新的数据时的依据

mysql> create table payment_2020( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id) -> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec) mysql> create table payment_2021( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id) -> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec) mysql> CREATE TABLE payment_all( -> country_id smallint, -> payment_date datetime, -> amount DECIMAL(15,2), -> INDEX(country_id) -> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) INSERT_METHOD=LAST; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)

分别向2020和2021中插入数据,并查询

mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以发现,payment_all 表中的数据是 payment_2020 payment_2021 表的记录合并后的结果集

下面向 MERGE 表插入一条记录,由于 MERGE 表的定义是 INSERT_METHOD=LAST,就会向最后一个表中插入记录,所以虽然这里插入的记录是 2006 年的,但仍然会写到 payment_2021表中。

mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec) mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | | 3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 | 35000.00 | | 2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 | | 3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 | +------------+---------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | country_id | payment_date | amount | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ | 1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 | | 2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 | +------------+---------------------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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mysql表 选择 存储 存储引擎 Mysql

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