ASP.NET Core 1.0借鉴了Katana项目的管道设计(Pipeline)。日志记录、用户认证、MVC等模块都以中间件(Middleware)的方式注册在管道中。显而易见这样的设计非常松耦合并且非常灵活,你可以自己定义任意功能的Middleware注册在管道中。这一设计非常适用于“请求-响应”这样的场景——消息从管道头流入后反向流出。 在本文中暂且为这种模式起名叫做“管道-中间件(Pipeline-Middleware)”模式吧。 本文将描述”管道-中间件模式”的“契约式”设计和“函数式”设计两种方案。 一、什么是管道-中间件模式?
在此模式中抽象了一个类似管道的概念,所有的组件均以中间件的方式注册在此管道中,当请求进入管道后:中间件依次对请求作出处理,然后从后一个中间件开始处理响应内容,终反向流出管道。 二、契约式设计 契约式设计是从面向对象的角度来思考问题,根据管道-中间件的理解,中间件(Middleware)有两个职责: public interface IMiddleware { Request ProcessRequest(Request request); Response ProcessResponse(Response response); } 管道(Pipeline)抽象应该能够注册中间件(Middleware): public interface IApplicationBuilder { void Use(IMiddleware middleware); void UseArrange(List middlewares); Context Run(Context context); } 实现IApplicationBuilder: public class ApplicationBuilder : IApplicationBuilder { public IWindsorContainer Container { get; private set; } private readonly List _middlewares; public ApplicationBuilder(IWindsorContainer container) { Contract.Requires(container!=null,"container!=null"); _middlewares=new List(); Container = container; } public void Use(IMiddleware middleware) { Contract.Requires(middleware != null, "middleware!=null"); _middlewares.Add(middleware); } public void UseArrange(List middlewares) { Contract.Requires(middlewares != null, "middlewares!=null"); _middlewares.AddRange(middlewares); } public Context Run(Context context) { Contract.Requires(context!=null,"context!=null"); var request=context.Request; var response=context.Response; foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { request = middleware.ProcessRequest(request); } _middlewares.Reverse(); foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { response = middleware.ProcessResponse(response); } return new Context(request,response); } }Run()方法将依次枚举Middleware并对消息的请求和响应进行处理,后返回终处理过的消息。 接下来需要实现一个Middleware: public class DefaultMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Request ProcessRequest(Request request) { request.Process("default request", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return request; } public Response ProcessResponse(Response response) { response.Process("default response", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return response; } } 为了将Middleware注册进管道,我们还可以写一个扩展方法增加代码的可读性: public static void UseDefaultMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder applicationBuilder) { applicationBuilder.Use(); } public static void Use(this IApplicationBuilder applicationBuilder) where TMiddleware:IMiddleware { var middleware = applicationBuilder.Container.Resolve(); applicationBuilder.Use(middleware); } 写个测试看看吧:
写第二个Middleware: public class GreetingMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Request ProcessRequest(Request request) { request.Process("hello, request","processed by greetingMiddleware"); return request; } public Response ProcessResponse(Response response) { response.Process("hello, request", "processed by greetingMiddleware"); return response; } } 编写测试:
三、函数式设计方案 此方案也是Owin和ASP.NET Core采用的方案,如果站在面向对象的角度,第一个方案是非常清晰的,管道终通过枚举所有Middleware来依次处理请求。 站在函数式的角度来看,Middleware可以用Func来表示,再来看看这张图:
一个Middleware的逻辑可以用Func, Func>来表示,整个Middleware的逻辑可以用下面的代码描述: public Func, Func> Process() { Func, Func> middleware = next => { Func process = context => { /*process request*/ next(context); /*process response*/ return context; }; return process; }; return middleware; } 这一过程是理解函数式方案的关键,所有Middleware可以聚合为一个Func,为了易于阅读,我们可以定义一个委托: public delegate Context RequestDelegate(Context context); 给定初始RequestDelegate,聚合所有Middleware: public IApplication Build() { RequestDelegate request = context => context; _middlewares.Reverse(); foreach (var middleware in _middlewares) { request = middleware(request); } return new Application(request); } 自定义一个函数式Middleware: public class DefaultMiddleware:IMiddleware { public Func Request() { Func request = next => { return context => { context.Request.Process("default request", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); next(context); context.Response.Process("default response", "processed by defaultMiddleware"); return context; }; }; return request; } } 所有代码提供下载:https://git.oschina.net/richieyangs/Pipeline.Middleware.git