mysql in语句子查询效率慢的优化技巧示例
表结构如下，文章只有690篇。
文章表article(id,title,content)
标签表tag(tid,tag_name)
标签文章中间表article_tag(id,tag_id,article_id)
其中有个标签的tid是135，查询标签tid是135的文章列表。
690篇文章，用以下的语句查询，奇慢：
select id,title from article where id in(
select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135
)
其中这条速度很快：
select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135
查询结果是五篇文章，id为428,429,430,431,432
用下面sql来查文章也很快：
select id,title from article where id in(
428,429,430,431,432
)
解决方法：
select id,title from article where id in(
select article_id from (select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135) as tbt
)
其它解决方法：（举例）
mysql> select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');
为了节省篇幅，省略了输出内容，下同。
67 rows in set (12.00 sec)
只有67行数据返回，却花了12秒，而系统中可能同时会有很多这样的查询，系统肯定扛不住。用desc看一下(注：explain也可)
mysql> desc select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');
+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | abc_number_prop | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2679838 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | abc_number_phone | eq_ref | phone,number_id | phone | 70 | const,func | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看出，在执行此查询时会扫描两百多万行，难道是没有创建索引吗，看一下
mysql>show index from abc_number_phone;
+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| abc_number_phone | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | number_phone_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 0 | phone | 1 | phone | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 0 | phone | 2 | number_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 1 | number_id | 1 | number_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 1 | created_by | 1 | created_by | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 1 | modified_by | 1 | modified_by | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
6 rows in set (0.06 sec)
mysql>show index from abc_number_prop;
+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| abc_number_prop | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | number_prop_id | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_prop | 1 | number_id | 1 | number_id | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_prop | 1 | created_by | 1 | created_by | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_prop | 1 | modified_by | 1 | modified_by | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.15 sec)
从上面的输出可以看出，这两张表在number_id字段上创建了索引的。
看看子查询本身有没有问题。
mysql> desc select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839';
+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | abc_number_phone | ref | phone | phone | 66 | const | 6 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
没有问题，只需要扫描几行数据，索引起作用了。
查询出来看看：
mysql> select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839';
+-----------+
| number_id |
+-----------+
| 8585 |
| 10720 |
| 148644 |
| 151307 |
| 170691 |
| 221897 |
+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
直接把子查询得到的数据放到上面的查询中
mysql> select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (8585, 10720, 148644, 151307, 170691, 221897);
67 rows in set (0.03 sec)
速度也快，看来MySQL在处理子查询的时候是不够好。我在MySQL 5.1.42 和 MySQL 5.5.19 都进行了尝试，都有这个问题。
搜索了一下网络，发现很多人都遇到过这个问题：
参考资料1：MySQL优化之使用连接(join)代替子查询
参考资料2：MYSQL子查询和嵌套查询优化实例解析
根据网上这些资料的建议，改用join来试试。
修改前：
select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');
修改后：
select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';
mysql> select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';
67 rows in set (0.00 sec)
效果不错，查询所用时间几乎为0。看一下MySQL是怎么执行这个查询的
mysql>desc select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | phone,number_id | phone | 66 | const | 6 | Using where; Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ref | number_id | number_id | 4 | eap.b.number_id | 3 | |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
小结：当子查询速度慢时，可用JOIN来改写一下该查询来进行优化。
网上也有文章说，使用JOIN语句的查询不一定总比使用子查询的语句快。
mysql手册也提到过，具体的原文在mysql文档的这个章节：
I.3. Restrictions on Subqueries
13.2.8. Subquery Syntax
摘抄：
1）关于使用IN的子查询：
Subquery optimization for IN is not as effective as for the = operator or for IN(value_list) constructs.
A typical case for poor IN subquery performance is when the subquery returns a small number of rows but the outer query returns a large number of rows to be compared to the subquery result.
The problem is that, for a statement that uses an IN subquery, the optimizer rewrites it as a correlated subquery. Consider the following statement that uses an uncorrelated subquery:
SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE t1.a IN (SELECT b FROM t2);
The optimizer rewrites the statement to a correlated subquery:
SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t2.b = t1.a);
If the inner and outer queries return M and N rows, respectively, the execution time becomes on the order of O(M×N), rather than O(M+N) as it would be for an uncorrelated subquery.
An implication is that an IN subquery can be much slower than a query written using an IN(value_list) construct that lists the same values that the subquery would return.
2）关于把子查询转换成join的：
The optimizer is more mature for joins than for subqueries, so in many cases a statement that uses a subquery can be executed more efficiently if you rewrite it as a join.
An exception occurs for the case where an IN subquery can be rewritten as a SELECT DISTINCT join. Example:
SELECT col FROM t1 WHERE id_col IN (SELECT id_col2 FROM t2 WHERE condition);
That statement can be rewritten as follows:
SELECT DISTINCT col FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.id_col = t2.id_col AND condition;
But in this case, the join requires an extra DISTINCT operation and is not more efficient than the subquery
总结
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希望本文所述对大家有所帮助。
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