动手学习深度学习_笔记4

Carol ·

更新时间:2024-11-13

· 910 次阅读

4.1 机器翻译

机器翻译将一种语言自动翻译为另一种语言，用神经网络解决这个问题通常称为神经机器翻译。输出序列的长度可能与源序列的长度不同。
数据预处理

def preprocess_raw(text):
	#\xa0是latin1里的扩展字符，代表不间断空白符
    text = text.replace('\u202f', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
    out = ''
    for i, char in enumerate(text.lower()):#改为小写
        if char in (',', '!', '.') and i > 0 and text[i-1] != ' ':
            out += ' '
        out += char
    return out

分词

num_examples = 50000
source, target = [], []
for i, line in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
    if i > num_examples:
        break
    parts = line.split('\t')
    if len(parts) >= 2:
        source.append(parts[0].split(' '))
        target.append(parts[1].split(' '))

建立字典

def build_vocab(tokens):
	#取出所有单词
    tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
    #调用工具函数
    return d2l.data.base.Vocab(tokens, min_freq=3, use_special_tokens=True)

载入数据集

def pad(line, max_len, padding_token):
    if len(line) > max_len:
        return line[:max_len]
    return line + [padding_token] * (max_len - len(line))
pad(src_vocab[source[0]], 10, src_vocab.pad)
def build_array(lines, vocab, max_len, is_source):
    lines = [vocab[line] for line in lines]
    if not is_source:
        lines = [[vocab.bos] + line + [vocab.eos] for line in lines]
    array = torch.tensor([pad(line, max_len, vocab.pad) for line in lines])
    valid_len = (array != vocab.pad).sum(1) #第一个维度
    return array, valid_len

def load_data_nmt(batch_size, max_len): # This function is saved in d2l.
    src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
    src_array, src_valid_len = build_array(source, src_vocab, max_len, True)
    tgt_array, tgt_valid_len = build_array(target, tgt_vocab, max_len, False)
    train_data = data.TensorDataset(src_array, src_valid_len, tgt_array, tgt_valid_len)
    train_iter = data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size, shuffle=True)
    return src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter

Encoder-Decoder

class Encoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Encoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    def forward(self, X, *args):
        raise NotImplementedError

class Decoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Decoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        raise NotImplementedError
    def forward(self, X, state):
        raise NotImplementedError

class EncoderDecoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, **kwargs):
        super(EncoderDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.encoder = encoder
        self.decoder = decoder
    def forward(self, enc_X, dec_X, *args):
        enc_outputs = self.encoder(enc_X, *args)
        dec_state = self.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, *args)
        return self.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)

Sequence to Sequence模型

class Seq2SeqEncoder(d2l.Encoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
                 dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.num_hiddens=num_hiddens
        self.num_layers=num_layers
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
    def begin_state(self, batch_size, device):
        return [torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device),
                torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device)]
    def forward(self, X, *args):
        X = self.embedding(X) # X shape: (batch_size, seq_len, embed_size)
        X = X.transpose(0, 1)  # RNN needs first axes to be time
        # state = self.begin_state(X.shape[1], device=X.device)
        out, state = self.rnn(X)
        # The shape of out is (seq_len, batch_size, num_hiddens).
        # state contains the hidden state and the memory cell
        # of the last time step, the shape is (num_layers, batch_size, num_hiddens)
        return out, state

class Seq2SeqDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
                 dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
        self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens,vocab_size)
    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
        return enc_outputs[1]
    def forward(self, X, state):
        X = self.embedding(X).transpose(0, 1)
        out, state = self.rnn(X, state)
        # Make the batch to be the first dimension to simplify loss computation.
        out = self.dense(out).transpose(0, 1)
        return out, state

4.2 注意力机制和Seq2seq模型

注意力机制可以将解码器从编码器的最终状态中选择相应的信息这一过程显式地建模。
输入由两部分构成：询问(query)和键值对(key-value pairs)。
attention layer 会与每一个key计算注意力分散并进行权重的归一化，输出的向量是value的加权求和，而每个key计算的权重与value一一对应。
点积注意力
假设query和keys有相同的维度，通过计算query和key转置的乘积来计算attention score，通常还会除去d\sqrt{d}d来减少计算出来的score对维度d的依赖性

# Save to the d2l package.
class DotProductAttention(nn.Module): 
    def __init__(self, dropout, **kwargs):
        super(DotProductAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
    # query: (batch_size, #queries, d)
    # key: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, d)
    # value: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, dim_v)
    # valid_length: either (batch_size, ) or (batch_size, xx)
    def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length=None):
        d = query.shape[-1]
        # set transpose_b=True to swap the last two dimensions of key
        scores = torch.bmm(query, key.transpose(1,2)) / math.sqrt(d)
        attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
        print("attention_weight\n",attention_weights)
        return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)

多层感知机注意力
在多层感知机中，首先将query和keys投射到Rh\mathbb{R}^hRh，将score函数定义
α(k,q)=vTtanh(Wkk+Wqq)\alpha(k,q)=v^Ttanh(W_kk+W_qq)α(k,q)=vTtanh(Wkk+Wqq)
然后将key和value在特征的维度上合并，送至 a single hidden layer perceptron这层中

# Save to the d2l package.
class MLPAttention(nn.Module):  
    def __init__(self, units,ipt_dim,dropout, **kwargs):
        super(MLPAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        # Use flatten=True to keep query's and key's 3-D shapes.
        self.W_k = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
        self.W_q = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
        self.v = nn.Linear(units, 1, bias=False)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
    def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length):
        query, key = self.W_k(query), self.W_q(key)
        #print("size",query.size(),key.size())
        # expand query to (batch_size, #querys, 1, units), and key to
        # (batch_size, 1, #kv_pairs, units). Then plus them with broadcast.
        features = query.unsqueeze(2) + key.unsqueeze(1)
        #print("features:",features.size())  #--------------开启
        scores = self.v(features).squeeze(-1) 
        attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
        return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)

引入注意力的Seq2seq模型
带有注意机制的编码器与之前相同，解码器添加了一个MLP注意层，它的隐藏大小与解码器中的LSTM层相同。``

class Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
                 dropout=0, **kwargs):
        super(Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.attention_cell = MLPAttention(num_hiddens,num_hiddens, dropout)
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
        self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size+ num_hiddens,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
        self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens,vocab_size)
    def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_len, *args):
        outputs, hidden_state = enc_outputs
#         print("first:",outputs.size(),hidden_state[0].size(),hidden_state[1].size())
        # Transpose outputs to (batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)
        return (outputs.permute(1,0,-1), hidden_state, enc_valid_len)
        #outputs.swapaxes(0, 1)
    def forward(self, X, state):
        enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_len = state
        #("X.size",X.size())
        X = self.embedding(X).transpose(0,1)
#         print("Xembeding.size2",X.size())
        outputs = []
        for l, x in enumerate(X):
#             print(f"\n{l}-th token")
#             print("x.first.size()",x.size())
            # query shape: (batch_size, 1, hidden_size)
            # select hidden state of the last rnn layer as query
            query = hidden_state[0][-1].unsqueeze(1) # np.expand_dims(hidden_state[0][-1], axis=1)
            # context has same shape as query
#             print("query enc_outputs, enc_outputs:\n",query.size(), enc_outputs.size(), enc_outputs.size())
            context = self.attention_cell(query, enc_outputs, enc_outputs, enc_valid_len)
            # Concatenate on the feature dimension
#             print("context.size:",context.size())
            x = torch.cat((context, x.unsqueeze(1)), dim=-1)
            # Reshape x to (1, batch_size, embed_size+hidden_size)
#             print("rnn",x.size(), len(hidden_state))
            out, hidden_state = self.rnn(x.transpose(0,1), hidden_state)
            outputs.append(out)
        outputs = self.dense(torch.cat(outputs, dim=0))
        return outputs.transpose(0, 1), [enc_outputs, hidden_state,
                                        enc_valid_len]

4.3 Transformer

Transformer模型整合了CNN和RNN的优势，利用attention机制实现了并行化捕捉序列依赖，并且同时处理序列的每个位置的tokens，性能优异且大大减少了训练时间。
将seq2seq模型中的循环网络替换为Transformer Blocks，该模块包含了一个多头注意力层以及两个position-wise feed-forward networks。多头注意力层包含h个并行的自注意力层，每一个这种层成为一个头。对每个头来说，在进行注意力计算之前，会将query，key和value三个现行层进行映射，这h个注意力头的输出将会拼接之后输入最后一个线性层进行整合。

class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_heads, dropout, **kwargs):
        super(MultiHeadAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.attention = DotProductAttention(dropout)
        self.W_q = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.W_k = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.W_v = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size, bias=False)
        self.W_o = nn.Linear(hidden_size, hidden_size, bias=False)
    def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length):
        # query, key, and value shape: (batch_size, seq_len, dim),
        # where seq_len is the length of input sequence
        # valid_length shape is either (batch_size, )
        # or (batch_size, seq_len).
        # Project and transpose query, key, and value from
        # (batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size * num_heads) to
        # (batch_size * num_heads, seq_len, hidden_size).
        query = transpose_qkv(self.W_q(query), self.num_heads)
        key = transpose_qkv(self.W_k(key), self.num_heads)
        value = transpose_qkv(self.W_v(value), self.num_heads)
        if valid_length is not None:
            # Copy valid_length by num_heads times
            device = valid_length.device
            valid_length = valid_length.cpu().numpy() if valid_length.is_cuda else valid_length.numpy()
            if valid_length.ndim == 1:
                valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(np.tile(valid_length, self.num_heads))
            else:
                valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(np.tile(valid_length, (self.num_heads,1)))
            valid_length = valid_length.to(device)
        output = self.attention(query, key, value, valid_length)
        output_concat = transpose_output(output, self.num_heads)
        return self.W_o(output_concat)

多头注意力层和前馈网络的输出被送到两个"add and norm"层进行处理，该层包含残差结构以及层归一化

class PositionWiseFFN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, ffn_hidden_size, hidden_size_out, **kwargs):
        super(PositionWiseFFN, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.ffn_1 = nn.Linear(input_size, ffn_hidden_size)
        self.ffn_2 = nn.Linear(ffn_hidden_size, hidden_size_out)
    def forward(self, X):
        return self.ffn_2(F.relu(self.ffn_1(X)))

class AddNorm(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, hidden_size, dropout, **kwargs):
        super(AddNorm, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size)
    def forward(self, X, Y):
        return self.norm(self.dropout(Y) + X)

Transformer 模型引入了位置编码去保持输入序列元素的位置

class PositionalEncoding(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, embedding_size, dropout, max_len=1000):
        super(PositionalEncoding, self).__init__()
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self.P = np.zeros((1, max_len, embedding_size))
        X = np.arange(0, max_len).reshape(-1, 1) / np.power(
            10000, np.arange(0, embedding_size, 2)/embedding_size)
        self.P[:, :, 0::2] = np.sin(X)
        self.P[:, :, 1::2] = np.cos(X)
        self.P = torch.FloatTensor(self.P)
    def forward(self, X):
        if X.is_cuda and not self.P.is_cuda:
            self.P = self.P.cuda()
        X = X + self.P[:, :X.shape[1], :]
        return self.dropout(X)

作者：sinat_28054577

动手学学习深度学习

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