本文研究的主要是Django开发中的signal 的相关内容,具体如下。
前言在web开发中, 你可能会遇到下面这种场景:
在用户完成某个操作后, 自动去执行一些后续的操作. 譬如用户完成修改密码后,
你要发送一份确认邮件.
当然可以把逻辑写在一起,但是有个问题是,触发操作一般不止一种(如用户更改了其它信息的确认邮件),这时候这个逻辑会需要写多次,所以你可能会想着DRY(Don't repeat yourself),于是你把它写到了一个函数中,每次调用。当然这是没问题的.
但是, 如果你换个思路你会发现另一个完全不同的方案, 即:
类似于daemon的程序监听着特定的事件 前置操作来触发相应的事件 监听程序执行对应的操作这样的好处是什么呢?
松耦合(不用把后续操作写在主逻辑中) 便于复用(这也是为什么django本身,及第三方应用如pinax大量使用此技术的原因),在各种高级语言中都会有类似的特性,如java,javascript等,而在django中我们使用signal。Siganl是Django框架中提供的一个 “信号分发器”。它是设计模式中经常提到的观察者模式的一个实现应用。
在此种模式中,一个目标物件管理所有相依于它的观察者物件,并且在它本身的状态改变时主动发出通知。这通常透过呼叫各观察者所提供的方法来实现。
观察者模式的使用场景
关联行为场景,需要注意的是,关联行为是可拆分的,而不是“组合”关系。 事件多级触发场景。 跨系统的消息交换场景,如消息队列、事件总线的处理机制。优点
1.解除耦合,让耦合的双方都依赖于抽象,从而使得各自的变换都不会影响另一边的变换。
它在被观察者和观察者之间建立一个抽象的耦合。被观察者角色所知道的只是一个具体观察者列表,每一个具体观察者都符合一个抽象观察者的接口。被观察者并不认识任何一个具体观察者,它只知道它们都有一个共同的接口。
由于被观察者和观察者没有紧密地耦合在一起,因此它们可以属于不同的抽象化层次。这种耦合性使得代码的可读性、维护性大大提高。
2.观察者模式实现了动态联动;
由于观察者模式对观察者注册实行管理,那就可以在运行期间,通过动态的控制注册的观察者来控制某个动作的联动范围,从而实现动态联动。
3.观察者模式支持广播通信。
目标发送通知给观察者是面向所有注册的观察者,所以目标每次通知的信息就要对所有注册的观察者进行广播,也可以在目标上添加新的方法来限制广播的范围。
Django 中Siganl 机制的典型应用是,框架为 Models 创建了 pre_save、post_save等与Model的某些方法调用相关联的信号,如pre_save 和 post_save 分别会在 Modle的save()方法的调用之前和之后通知观察者,从而让观察者进行一系列操作。
django signal的处理是同步的,勿用于处理大批量任务。
django signal对程序的解耦、代码的复用及维护性有很大的帮助。
Siganl的源码位于django dispatch包下,主要的代码位于 dispatcher.py中。
在dispatcher中定义了Signal类,以及一个用于使用Python装饰器的方式来连接信号以及信号接受者的方法receiver(signal,**kwargs)。
class Signal(object):
"""
Base class for all signals
Internal attributes:
receivers
{ receiverkey (id) : weakref(receiver) }
"""
def __init__(self, providing_args=None, use_caching=False):
"""
创建一个新的Signal
providing_args 参数,指定这个Siganl 在发出事件(调用send方法)时,可以提供给观察者的信息参数
比如 post_save()会带上 对应的instance对象,以及update_fields等
"""
self.receivers = []
if providing_args is None:
providing_args = []
self.providing_args = set(providing_args)
self.lock = threading.Lock()
self.use_caching = use_caching
# For convenience we create empty caches even if they are not used.
# A note about caching: if use_caching is defined, then for each
# distinct sender we cache the receivers that sender has in
# 'sender_receivers_cache'. The cache is cleaned when .connect() or
# .disconnect() is called and populated on send().
self.sender_receivers_cache = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() if use_caching else {}
self._dead_receivers = False
def connect(self, receiver, sender=None, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None):
from django.conf import settings
if dispatch_uid:
lookup_key = (dispatch_uid, _make_id(sender))
else:
lookup_key = (_make_id(receiver), _make_id(sender))
if weak:
ref = weakref.ref
receiver_object = receiver
# Check for bound methods
# 构造弱引用的的receiver
if hasattr(receiver, '__self__') and hasattr(receiver, '__func__'):
ref = WeakMethod
receiver_object = receiver.__self__
if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
receiver = ref(receiver)
weakref.finalize(receiver_object, self._remove_receiver)
else:
receiver = ref(receiver, self._remove_receiver)
with self.lock:
#clear掉 由于弱引用 已被垃圾回收期回收的receivers
self._clear_dead_receivers()
for r_key, _ in self.receivers:
if r_key == lookup_key:
break
else:
self.receivers.append((lookup_key, receiver))
self.sender_receivers_cache.clear()
def disconnect(self, receiver=None, sender=None, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None):
if dispatch_uid:
lookup_key = (dispatch_uid, _make_id(sender))
else:
lookup_key = (_make_id(receiver), _make_id(sender))
disconnected = False
with self.lock:
self._clear_dead_receivers()
for index in range(len(self.receivers)):
(r_key, _) = self.receivers[index]
if r_key == lookup_key:
disconnected = True
del self.receivers[index]
break
self.sender_receivers_cache.clear()
return disconnected
def has_listeners(self, sender=None):
return bool(self._live_receivers(sender))
def send(self, sender, **named):
responses = []
if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
return responses
for receiver in self._live_receivers(sender):
response = receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named)
responses.append((receiver, response))
return responses
def send_robust(self, sender, **named):
responses = []
if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
return responses
# Call each receiver with whatever arguments it can accept.
# Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ].
for receiver in self._live_receivers(sender):
try:
response = receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named)
except Exception as err:
if not hasattr(err, '__traceback__'):
err.__traceback__ = sys.exc_info()[2]
responses.append((receiver, err))
else:
responses.append((receiver, response))
return responses
def _clear_dead_receivers(self):
# Note: caller is assumed to hold self.lock.
if self._dead_receivers:
self._dead_receivers = False
new_receivers = []
for r in self.receivers:
if isinstance(r[1], weakref.ReferenceType) and r[1]() is None:
continue
new_receivers.append(r)
self.receivers = new_receivers
def _live_receivers(self, sender):
"""
过滤掉 已经被 垃圾回收的receiver
"""
receivers = None
# 如果使用了cache , 并且没有调用过_remove_receiver 函数 则去 sender_receivers_cache中查找
if self.use_caching and not self._dead_receivers:
receivers = self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender)
# We could end up here with NO_RECEIVERS even if we do check this case in
# .send() prior to calling _live_receivers() due to concurrent .send() call.
if receivers is NO_RECEIVERS:
return []
if receivers is None:
with self.lock:
self._clear_dead_receivers()
senderkey = _make_id(sender)
receivers = []
for (receiverkey, r_senderkey), receiver in self.receivers:
if r_senderkey == NONE_ID or r_senderkey == senderkey:
receivers.append(receiver)
if self.use_caching:
if not receivers:
self.sender_receivers_cache[sender] = NO_RECEIVERS
else:
# Note, we must cache the weakref versions.
self.sender_receivers_cache[sender] = receivers
non_weak_receivers = []
for receiver in receivers:
if isinstance(receiver, weakref.ReferenceType):
# Dereference the weak reference.
receiver = receiver()
if receiver is not None:
non_weak_receivers.append(receiver)
else:
non_weak_receivers.append(receiver)
return non_weak_receivers
def _remove_receiver(self, receiver=None):
self._dead_receivers = True
connect方法
connect方法用于连接信号和信号处理函数,类似的概念相当于为某个事件(信号发出表示一个事件)注册观察者(处理函数),函数参数中receiver就是信号处理函数(函数也是对象,这太方便了),sender表示信号的发送者,比如Django框架中的post_save()这个信号,任何一个模型在save()函数调用之后都会发出这个信号,但是我们只想关注某一个模型 save()方法调用的事件发生,就可以指定sender为我们需要关注的模型类。
weak参数表示是否将receiver转换成弱引用对象,Siganl中默认会将所有的receiver转成弱引用,所以如果你的receiver是个局部对象的话,那么receiver可能会被垃圾回收期回收,receiver也就变成一个dead_receiver了,Siganl会在connect和disconnect方法调用的时候,清除dead_receiver。
dispatch_uid
,这个参数用于唯一标识这个receiver函数,主要的作用是防止receiver函数被注册多次,这样会导致receiver函数会执行多次,这可能是我们不想要的一个结果。
disconnect方法
disconnect方法用于断开信号的接收器,函数内首先会生成根据sender和receiver对象构造出的一个标识lookup_key
,在遍历receiver数组时,根据lookup_key找到需要disconnect的receiver然后从数组中删除这个receiver。
send和send_robust
send和send_robust方法都是用于发送事件的函数,不同点在于send_robust函数中会捕获信号接收函数发生的异常,添加到返回的responses数组中。
Siganl类的使用Django signal的处理过程如下图所示:
内建signal的使用模型相关:
pre_save 对象save前触发 post_save 对象save后触发 pre_delete 对象delete前触发 post_delete 对象delete后触发 m2m_changed ManyToManyField 字段更新后触发请求相关:
request_started 一个request请求前触发 request_finished request请求后触发针对django自带的signal,我们只需要编写receiver 即可,使用如下。
第一步,编写receiver并绑定到signal
# myapp/signals/handlers.py
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.core.signals import request_finished
## decorators 方式绑定
@receiver(request_finished, dispatch_uid="request_finished")
def my_signal_handler(sender, **kwargs):
print("Request finished!================================")
# 普通绑定方式
def my_signal_handler(sender, **kwargs):
print("Request finished!================================")
request_finished.connect(my_signal_handler)
#####################################################
# 针对model 的signal
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from polls.models import MyModel
@receiver(post_save, sender=MyModel, dispatch_uid="mymodel_post_save")
def my_model_handler(sender, **kwargs):
print('Saved: {}'.format(kwargs['instance'].__dict__))
用dispatch_uid
确保此receiver只调用一次
第二步,加载signal
# myapp/__init__py
default_app_config = 'myapp.apps.MySendingAppConfig'
# myapp/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
name = 'myapp'
def ready(self):
# signals are imported, so that they are defined and can be used
import myapp.signals.handlers
到此,当系统受到request 请求完成后,便会执行receiver。
其他内建的signal,参考官方文档:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/signals/
自定义signal的使用自定义signal,需要我们编写signal和receiver。
第一步,编写signal
myapp.signals.signals.py
importdjango.dispatch
my_signal = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["my_signal_arg1", "my_signal_arg_2"])
第二步,加载signal
# myapp/__init__py
default_app_config = 'myapp.apps.MySendingAppConfig'
myapp/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
name = 'myapp'
def ready(self):
# signals are imported, so that they are defined and can be used
import myapp.signals.handlers
第三步,事件触发时,发送signal
# myapp/views.py
from .signals.signals import my_signal
my_signal.send(sender="some function or class",
my_signal_arg1="something", my_signal_arg_2="something else"])
自定义的signal,django已经为我们编写了此处的事件监听。
第四步,收到signal,执行receiver
# myapp/signals/handlers.py
from django.dispatch import receiver
from myapp.signals.signals import my_signal
@receiver(my_signal, dispatch_uid="my_signal_receiver")
def my_signal_handler(sender, **kwargs):
print('my_signal received')
此时,我们自定义的signal 便开发完成了。
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